Lower crustal exhumation under transtension during the. Pdf the formation and evolution of africa from the archaean to. Africas total land area is approximately 11,724,000 square miles 30,365,000 square km, and the continent measures about 5,000 miles 8,000 km from north to south and about 4,600 miles 7,400 km from east to west. A detailed rainfall climatology for malawi, southern africa. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of 30,368,609 km 2 11,725,385 sq mi, excluding adjacent islands. The tectonic environment is constrained by a combination of geophysics, surface geology.
The west african craton wac is one of the five cratons of the precambrian basement rock of. The first prime minster of ghana, kwame nkrumah, was known as the president of the modern ghanaian state, and an anticolonial leader. I regional distribution of rivers and streams in africa i. This is a political map of africa which shows the countries of africa along with capital cities, major cities, islands, oceans, seas, and gulfs. A regional anomaly for the year or season is calculated as the average over all available stations in the region. West africa is remarkable for its geological variety. Regional geology of africa 1991 edition open library. Regional geology of africa lecture notes in earth sciences. It is my belief, that there has long been a need in universities and geological surveys, both in africa and in the developed world, for sum. It shares boundaries with the republics of benin and niger in the west, cameroon in the east, niger and chad in the north and the gulf of guinea in the south. Most of the companys regional geological information was subse quently released as its contribution towards unravelling the geology of the northwest cape under aegis of the national geodynamics project. Camisanicalzolari a tomic energy corporation of south africa limited, pretoria approximately 850 groundwater samples were collected over a 29 300 km2 region of the semiarid northwestern cape during the site selection phase of. Relief on its own is not the source of great regional diversity in west africa.
Both of these regions are mainly made of rocks that are either archean or. It is a large political map of africa that also shows many of the continents physical features in color or shaded relief. Shiklomanov encyclopedia of life support systems eolss faults extending from west asia across the red sea and the eastern part of africa intersects the eastern margin of the continent for a distance of more than 6000 km the. Throughout the country, mean annual rainfall is table 2. Cape town geology department of geological sciences. Ermelo barberton musina louis trichardt rustenburg thabazimbi vryburg pofadder port nolloth vanrhynsdorp vredenburg worcester laingsburg oudtshoorn grahamstown. Geologic mapping of the study area revealed three dominant lithologic units namely. Two fault systems are recognised, the dominant one trending ene parallel to the regional strike and the other one nw to wnw.
Pdf regional geology of southern africa asser frans. Geology and total petroleum systems of the westcentral coastal province 7203, west africa u. Manguelle dicoume a department of physics, faculty of science, university of douala, po box 24157, douala, cameroon b geological survey of norway ngu, 7491 trondheim, norway. This history is then related to various problems affecting the construction of roads in south africa. Geostatistical evaluation of hydrogeochemical parameters. The geology and engineering geology of roads in south africa. The population of africa is over 900 million people making up 14% of the planets population. The geology of the country is the base for a large mining sector that extracts gold, diamonds, iron and coal from worldclass deposits. If you are interested in south africa and the geography of africa our large laminated map of africa might be just what you need. This balanced and comprehensive overview of geology, tectonics, and mineral resources of africa presents multifarious facets of archean to quaternary geology, including aspects of plate tectonics evolution and geological history of the earths oldest continent. Spectroscopy can be used to identify certain minerals based on their electronic and vibrational absorptions in the reflected. This page has been provided for schools and general public information and you need not be a geologist to recognise the layers of hard sandstone forming the steeper. Some of you were geology majors but have found your vocations in other fields, and others of you took only a few courses in geology while majoring in another field, but went on to graduate school in geology. D1 crustal thickening driven by external tectonic forces d2 transtensional event d3 transpressional event tectonic juxtaposition of high grade rocks and greenschist facies lithologies prior to regional shearing d4.
Thunderstorms and tornadoes up close jarrell tornado, texas, 1997 on may 27, 1997, around 1 p. Geostatistical evaluation of hydrogeochemical parameters as a tool to interpret regional geology f. Nigeria is on the west coast of africa, on latitudes 4degrees north of the equator and latitudes 3degrees and 14degrees on the east of the greenwich meridian. Geographers came up with the idea of high africa and low africa to help distinguish the difference in geography. Openfile report 821057assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable petroleum resources of the timanpechora basin, u. Regional distribution of rivers and streams in africa. On the use of global potential field models for regional. Geology and total petroleum systems of the westcentral. Mark mathisen has 19 years experience with international and domestic regional geology and seismic interpretation with mobil, and an additional 5 years of regional geology experience at iowa state university where he received a ph. Pdf the petroleum geology of the west africa margin. Introduction to the bushveld complex, south africa the bushveld complex, of palaeoproterozoic age, is located in the central northeast portion of the kaapvaal craton in southern africa, and has an estimated total area of 65 000 km2 hunter, 1976. Geological society of south africa with the theme mineralization in metamorphic tcitanes.
Africa, the second largest continent, covering about onefifth of the total land surface of earth. Geology and geotectonic setting of the basement complex. At low magnetic latitudes as is the case here, it is not very easy to. Geology and geotectonic setting of the basement complex rocks. Many people heard the announcement on the radio or on television, but most went on with their daily work. The state covers the plains areas of the brahmputra and barak valleys, the mikir hills plateau, the north. Regional geology of africa springerverlag berlin heidelberg new york london paris tokyo hong kong barcelona budapest. The map is a portion of a larger world map created by the central intelligence agency using robinson projection. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high. He became the first head of state to offer the idea of panafricanism, a movement aimed to unify and uplift african peoples, which he grew familiar with during his studies abroad at lincoln university in the state of pennsylvania, u. Olusiji samuel ayodele department of geology, ekiti state university, p. Introduction to world regional geography of where things and places are in our physical world in relationship to each other, but the subject encompasses far more. For the most part, west africa is relatively flat and low, which sets it. Assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable.
To better understand the geography of west africa and how it drives land use, we briefly examine the geology, topography, hydrography, climate, and vegetation through these broad bioclimatic regions. Delineation of tectonic lineaments using aeromagnetic data. The southeastern cameroon region rises many geological. Three major, discreet tectonic events produced the regional architecture of the sefwi belt.
Image courtesy of the geological society of south africa. For the most part, west africa is relatively flat and low, which sets it apart from the other major regions of africa. These sand deposits fill in many irregularities of relief and mask much of the surface geology. For malawi, lying in the transition zone between these two. At low magnetic latitudes as is the case here, it is not very easy to correlate the observed anomaly maxima and the positions of magnetic sources because in the tmi anomaly map, the maxima are not found vertically above magnetic sources, thus making it difficult to link the observed anomalies with the sources. Africa is the worlds second largest continent and also the second most populated country in the world. Holocene african droughts relate to eastern equatorial.
The mountains are an exception to africas general landscape. Abstract this paper briefly summarises the geological and geomorphological history of south africa. Kalahari craton geological region, africa britannica. Mansell and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. The african upper mantle and its relationship to tectonics and. Among the 50 independent african countries there are vast population differences. Geology and geotectonic setting of the basement complex rocks in south western nigeria.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Thereafter the southern marginal zone of the limpopo belt is treated in the same way. Geography is not only the study of earth, its physiographic regions, the physical and artificial features on its surface, and their relationships to each other. Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of earths surface. An appreciation of the magnificent sea and mountain views of the fairest cape can be enriched by knowledge of its geological foundations. The geology and engineering geology of roads in south africa paigegreen, p. Oyinloye department of geology, university of adoekiti nigeria 1. Pdf the boundaries of the west african craton, with special. Chapter pdf available in geological society london special publications. The high eastern equatorial atlantic ssts occur in concert with seasonally increased insolation at low latitudes, suggesting a strong response of african monsoonal precipitation to oceanic conditions at low latitudes. Utilising offshore regional gravity, magnetics and bathymetry the seep analysis will be integrated with the interpretation of major offshore struc tural features, in the madagascar channel, deep water tanzania and seychelles, and our onshore geology to readily assess the geological context of the seeps.
It is a large political map of africa that also shows many of the continents physical features in color or. This result implies that a long yet rapid migration from africa, possibly initiated during a phase of warm climate, enabled early human populations to inhabit northern latitudes of east asia over. Since then slow relative motion of nubian, arabian and somali plates over the same interval has been discerned. Its developed during the separation of south america and africa and the opening of south atlantic ocean at the site of the triple junction. Jul 30, 2007 nigeria is on the west coast of africa, on latitudes 4degrees north of the equator and latitudes 3degrees and 14degrees on the east of the greenwich meridian. The geology of south africa is highly varied including cratons, greenstone belts, large impact craters as well as orogenic belts. Pdf an overview of the geology and hydrogeology of nigeria. Regional geology of the dharwar craton the cratonic block of south india commonly known as the dharwar craton. Thomas schluter geological atlas of africa geokniga. Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the worldwide 1.
Implications on provenance and evolution akindele o. Application of imaging spectroscopy for mineral exploration. The central zone of lmb rocks in south africa are described first, followed by a description of the structures and tectonics found in this part of the basin. Olade 1976 describe the basin as the failed arm of the rift system aulacogen that developed by progressive mantle plume activities and accompanied by.
The geology in the south african part of the basin follows. Geology and total petroleum systems of the westcentral coastal province 7203, west africa by michael e. A long term baseline and variability of natural radionuclides in groundwater at the vaalputs lowlevel radioactive waste disposal facility, namaqualand, south africa. Buy regional geology of africa lecture notes in earth sciences on free shipping on qualified orders. Pdf the west african craton wac was constructed during the archaean and the c. Apr 06, 2014 regional geology of africa by sunday w. Imaging spectroscopy also referred to as hyperspectral remote sensing is a technology that has been utilized with success for mapping vegetation and mineral abundances over many areas of the earths surface e.
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